Concept Related to:  Observable and measurable properties related to bonding types

Need to Know:

• General properties and characteristics associated with ionic, covalent and metallic compounds

Be Prepared to Answer:

• Predict or explain behavior of compounds in relation to properties such as; electrical and thermal conductivity, solubility in polar and non-polar solvents, hardness, melting point, boiling point etc.

Related Lab:  N/A

Concept Related to:  Stoichiometry; precipitation reactions

Need to Know:

• Solubility rules

• Double displacement precipitation reactions, and how to write a net ionic equation

• Stoichiometry of solutions

• Procedures for gravimetric analysis including adding excess reactant to ensure all target ions are precipitated, correct filtering procedure, and the need for washing, drying and careful weighing of precipitates

Be Prepared to Answer:

• To select an appropriate ionic solution to precipitate the ion that is to be analyzed

• Write molecular, complete ionic and net ionic equations

• The procedure for gravimetric analysis

• Stoichiometric calculations relating to concentration, volume, mass, moles and percentages

Related Lab:  Gravimetric Analysis of a Calcium Supplement

Check out Gravimetric Analysis in the Ultimate Lab Summary Guide for a full breakdown.

Concept Related to:  Beer-Lambert law; relationship between the concentration (of a solution with color) and absorbance; analysis of alloys

Need to Know:

• A = ε b c

• Linear relationship between A and c; with Absorbances less than 1.0

• The optimum wavelength to use in a colorimeter or spectrophometer is the complementary color to the color of the solution (i.e., the color that gives the highest absorbance)

• Procedure for diluting solutions including appropriate glassware (buret, pipet, volumetric flask, safety)

• This is only useful for solution with a color, often those of transition metals

• An alloy can be dissolved in an acid to produce a solution of metals ions, and that if the resulting solution is colored, then it can be analyzed using the Beer-Lambert law

Be Prepared to Answer:

• The procedure and calculations associated with dilution, including the use of appropriate glassware and the order of mixing

• To plot or interpret a graph of absorbance against concentration

• To select an appropriate wavelength of incident light

Related Lab:  Determining the Percentage of Copper in Brass

Check out Spectroscopy & Beer’s Law in the Ultimate Lab Summary Guide for a full breakdown.

Concept Related to:  Separation techniques based on solubility of components intermolecular and intra forces

Need to Know:

• That ionic salts will tend to dissolve in polar solvents such as water

• That large, covalent molecules (often organic in nature) will tend to dissolve in non-polar (often organic) solvents

• Simple filtration techniques

• Simple liquid-liquid separation techniques including knowledge of a separating funnel and its use

• Basic, gravimetric analysis including filtering, drying and massing

Be Prepared to Answer:

• To interpret mass data collected via gravimetric analysis

• To predict in which layer (aqueous or organic) various components of a mixture might dissolve

Related Lab:  Determinin

Check out Spectroscopy & Beer’s Law in the Ultimate Lab Summary Guide for a full breakdown.

Concept Related to:  Redox and their titrations

Need to Know:

• A definition and understanding of oxidation and reduction

• How to write and combine half-reactions

• Common oxidizing and reducing agents and their half-reactions

• A procedure for titration

Be Prepared to Answer:

• To write half-reactions

• To combine half-reactions

• To perform calculations relating to titration data (reacting ratios, concentration and volume etc.)

Related Lab:  Determinin

Check out Spectroscopy & Beer’s Law in the Ultimate Lab Summary Guide for a full breakdown.

Concept Related to:  Enthalpy of reaction and calorimetry

Need to Know:

• The application of q = m c ∆T

• The relationship between q and enthalpies measured in kJ/mol

• A procedure for calorimetry

• The energy changes associated with dissolving an ionic solid

• That certain glassware offers certain degrees of precision

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Be Prepared to Answer:

• To design an experiment (including selection of concentrations and volumes of solutions) in order to collect temperature change data and convert that data to energy measurements

• To apply q = m c ∆T

• To select glassware based upon the accuracy and precision required

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Related Lab:  Determinin

Check out Spectroscopy & Beer’s Law in the Ultimate Lab Summary Guide for a full breakdown.

Concept Related to:  Acid-Base Titration

Need to Know:

• Neutralization reactions, i.e., acid + base → salt + water

• Titration procedure including washing and filling burets and pipets, selection of indicators

• How to prepare a standard solution

• Titration curves including pH and buffer implications

• The shapes of titration curves for any combination of weak and strong acid

• What the dominant species are, in solution, at all points on the curve (including when titrating weak acids and weak bases, halfway to the equivalence point)

• That when dealing with weak acids and weak bases in titrations with strong bases and strong acids respectively that buffer solutions are produced

• The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation

• The difference between equivalence point and end point

Be Prepared to Answer:

• Write a neutralization equation

• To detail the procedure of a titration  (rinsing and filling burets and pipets including filling the tip of a buret; using a pipet to accurately dispense the analyte, and the buret to accurate dispense the titrant; the use of an Erlenmeyer flask as the reaction vessel; the addition of a few drops of a suitable indicator (from data given); the potential for the use of a white tile to help observe the end point)

• To perform calculations relating to concentration, volume and pH (Henderson-Hasselbalch)

• To sketch and interpret titration curves

• To relate the titration curve to pH and pKa values

• To identify dominant species at any point in a titration

• To be able to draw particulate diagrams to demonstrate your knowledge of dominant species

• To perform titration calculations (concentrations, volumes, molar ratio etc.)

Related Lab:  Determinin

Check out Spectroscopy & Beer’s Law in the Ultimate Lab Summary Guide for a full breakdown.

Concept Related to:  Le Châtelier’s principle

Need to Know:

• Le Châtelier’s principle, and be able to predict how changes in conditions (stresses) affect the position of an equilibrium

• That macroscopic observations such as color changes, pH changes etc., can be used to determine the shift in an equilibrium position

Be Prepared to Answer:

• To predict or explain shifts in equilibrium when changes in temperature, concentration, pressure or catalysts, are applied to a reaction, and be able to explain each in terms of Le Châtelier’s principle

• To interpret particulate diagrams that show relative numbers of species as a function of equilibrium position

Related Lab:  Determinin

Check out Spectroscopy & Beer’s Law in the Ultimate Lab Summary Guide for a full breakdown.

Concept Related to:  Buffers; capacity and pH of buffers

Need to Know:

• What a buffer is

• How a buffer works and how to write equations to show the buffering action

• The factors that affect a buffers capacity

• The factors that affect a buffers pH (i.e., the application of the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation)

• Where solutions are buffered in relation to titration curves

• The definition of a polyprotic acid

• That pH = pKa halfway to the equivalence point

• How to interpret the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation in terms of buffer capacity (the concentration of each component) and the desired pH (ratio of each component)

Be Prepared to Answer:

• To interpret or sketch a titration curve in terms of the buffering action possible when a weak acid or weak base is titrated with a strong base or strong acid

• To perform calculations using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation

• To identify the pH at the equivalence points of various titration curves

• How to perform calculations with the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation and to suggest good combinations of weak acid/base and conjugates, both in terms of concentrations (capacity) and ratio (pH) to achieve desired buffering activity

Related Lab:  Determinin

Check out Spectroscopy & Beer’s Law in the Ultimate Lab Summary Guide for a full breakdown.

Concept Related to:  Using initial rate and concentration data to determine a reaction rate law

Need to Know:

• That rate laws can be determined by the initial rate method

• The relationship between changes of rate and orders of reaction

• The shape and interpretation of graphs as they relate to zeroth, first and second order reactions

Be Prepared to Answer:

• To interpret concentration data generated in, for example, a Beer-Lambert law experiment, and use it to determine a rate law

• To interpret or plot a graph to determine a rate law

Related Lab:  Crystal Violet with Hydroxide Reaction

Check out Spectroscopy & Beer’s Law in the Ultimate Lab Summary Guide for a full breakdown.

Concept Related to:  Kinetics; Factors affect the speed of a reaction

Need to Know:

• How particle size, temperature, concentration and catalysts, affect the rate of a reaction

• How those factors are explained at the microscopic level based on chemistry concepts (collision theory, activation energy etc.)

• Dilution techniques and procedures

Be Prepared to Answer:

• To design an experiment with controls, to investigate the speed of a chemical reaction (including how to measure the rate of reaction)

• To interpret data that is generated in such an experiment including graphical representations

Related Lab:  Determinin