Heat can be transferred through three main mechanisms:

• Conduction: Conduction is the transfer of heat through direct physical contact between objects or substances. In this process, energy is transferred from higher-energy particles to lower-energy particles within a material or between different materials in contact. Metals are good conductors of heat due to the presence of free electrons that facilitate heat transfer.

• Convection: Convection involves the transfer of heat through the movement of fluids, such as liquids or gases. As a fluid is heated, its molecules become less dense, causing them to rise while cooler, denser fluid descends. This creates a circulating motion known as convection currents, which transfer heat from one region to another.

• Radiation: Radiation is the transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves. Unlike conduction and convection, radiation does not require a medium for heat transfer. Heat energy is emitted in the form of electromagnetic waves, such as infrared radiation, and can travel through a vacuum. Examples of radiation include the heat transferred from the Sun to the Earth and the heat emitted by objects at high temperatures, such as a hot stove.